Muthiyangana

Muthiyangana Vihara, Sri Lanka

At the southern end of Badulla stands the Muthiyangana Vihara whose origins date back 5th Century BC. Buddha is believed to have visited Lanka for the third time, on the eighth year following the supreme enlightenment. King Indaka of pre-historic (meaning prior to our recorded history) tribe Deva (one of the three tribes believed have inhabited Lanka, the other tribes being Yakka & Naga) built Muthiyangana stupa at the location where Buddha is believed to have made the sermons. The stupa was developed into a temple complex by a succession of Sinhalese kings commencing from King Devanam Piya Tissa (307-266 BC), The Deer Hunter, the first Sinhalese convert to Buddhism.

Dragon Arch at the entrance
The ancient Makara Torana (Dragon Arch) hasn't been dated. Mythological figures Vamana (a non-human ape like tribe believed have existed in India), Lion like beasts; bulls with very prominent humps decorate an arch unlike any other in Lanka.

Main Image House
Once again at the entrance to main image house (the house of status) is a colourful dragon arch with a statue of Maitree Bodhisattva, the next Buddha to be, according to the Mahayana Buddhism. The past Buddhas were Kakusanda, Konagama, Kassapa & Gauthama.

Guardian of the Muthiyangana
To the right of the image house is a statue of god Indaka, the guardian deity of Namunukula mountain range & Muthiyanga. Following his death, king Indaka of Naga tribe was elevated to a deity (most possibly, a superior being in another planet in cosmos) by virtue of his meritorious deeds. That is action & reaction. Lovely.

Muthiyangana Stupa
The stupa enshrines Sacred Kesha Datu, a lock of pure & blue-black, (Perhaps such could be the colour of the hair of an Asian man of perfect of health & purest of thought. Then again medieval Sinhalese poetry praising lissom women of matchless grace never fail to emphasise the colour of hair as bluish black) & Mutukuda datu (solidified sweat) of Buddha. The present 65m tall stupa with a diameter of 90m is a reconstruction of the original stupa. The moonstone at the entrance to the stupa is of Anurdadhapura Era.

Bo trees
The first Bo tree in to the temple complex called Maliyadeva bodhi is believed to be exact location where the last Maha Arhath (the enlightened one, who has broken free from the cycle of suffering of birth, & rebirth) Maliyadeva made the sermons on his visit to Muthiyangana. The second, Ananda Bodhi is believed to be brought from Jetavanarama in India. The third, Dethispala Sri Maha Bodhi was planted by King Devanam Piya Tissa.This is one of the 32 Bo trees originated from Sri Maha bodhi tree at Anuradhapura. It is well protected by the original fence & another newly built gold plated fence.

ArcGIS Desktop Tutorials

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ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS Extensions come with tutorials and tutorial data to help you learn to use the software. You can use the links below to open PDF versions of the tutorials, or to view animations based on the tutorials.

ArcGIS Desktop Tutorials
The following tutorials are available in PDF format or as short animation files. To view the PDFs you need a copy of Adobe Reader, which you can download free from http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html.

The tutorial data is available on the ArcGIS installation media. If the tutorial data has been installed on your system, look for it in C:\arcgis\ArcTutor (the default install location).
To view the animations you need the Adobe Flash Player which you can download free from http://www.adobe.com/go/getflashplayer.


Tutorial Description Link
Getting Started In this tutorial you'll see how to explore data with ArcCatalog, add data to ArcMap, explore and symbolize data on a map, add elements to a map layout, and print a map.

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Animation in ArcMap In this tutorial you’ll learn how to create temporal animations. You’ll play the animations in the ArcMap display and in a chart to show data changing through time. You’ll also learn how to export the animations to video. Read the tutorial

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ArcCatalog In this tutorial you'll learn how to explore geographic data and its attributes, view and create metadata, modify data properties, add and delete attributes, and link geographic features to attributes stored in separate tables. Read the tutorial
ArcMap In this tutorial you'll learn how to display map features, add data to your map, edit geographic data, work with data tables, query and select geographic features, create a summary graph, and lay out and print a map Read the tutorial
ArcReader In this tutorial you'll learn how to view, explore, and print published maps. Read the tutorial

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ArcSDE Database Servers In this tutorial you will learn how to: add a database server and connect to it; add users and administer their permissions; create geodatabases and add data to them; administer database servers. Database servers are used to store, access, and administer ArcSDE Personal and Workgroup geodatabases. Read the tutorial

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Building Geodatabases In this tutorial you'll learn to build geodatabases that include relationship classes, subtypes, attribute domains, topology, geometric networks, feature-linked annotation, and dimension features. An ArcEditor or ArcInfo license is required to complete the tutorial. Read the tutorial

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Editing GIS Features In this tutorial you'll learn the basics of the editing environment in ArcMap including creating new geographic data and input features using a digitizer; editing topological features; updating attributes to geographic and tabular data; performing spatial adjustments on your data; and creating and editing annotation. Read the tutorial

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Editing Geodatabases In this tutorial you'll be introduced to advanced geodatabase concepts such as relationship classes, subtypes, attribute domains, topology, geometric networks, feature-linked annotation, and dimension features in the context of editing a sample geodatabase. An ArcEditor or ArcInfo license is required to complete the tutorial. Read the tutorial

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Geocoding In this tutorial you'll learn how to create and managing address locators and how to use them to find the location of an individual address or table of addresses. Read the tutorial

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Geoprocessing In this tutorial you'll learn how to create new information by processing existing data with geoprocessing tools. Read the tutorial

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Linear Referencing In this tutorial you'll learn how to create, manage, display, query, and analyze data whose relative position has been modeled along a linear feature. Read the tutorial

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Representations In this tutorial, you will be introduced to representations which allow you to symbolize geographic features with a set of rules that are stored with your data in the geodatabase. Representation rules can create and draw dynamic geometry that differs from the feature shape, allowing a complex depiction of features without impacting the spatial integrity of your data. Representations provide greater control over the precision and definition of the symbolization of your data. Read the tutorial

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ArcGIS Desktop Extension Tutorials
The following tutorials are available in PDF format or as short animation files.


Tutorial Description Link
3D Analyst In this tutorial you'll learn how to drape images and features over a terrain surface, extrude points and polygons, interpolate a surface from points, build a TIN from features, create an animation, and navigate in ArcScene and ArcGlobe. Read the tutorial

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ArcGIS Publisher In this tutorial you'll learn how to create, share, and distribute published maps. Read the tutorial

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ArcScan for ArcGIS In this tutorial you'll learn how to generate vector data from rasters, including how to use the cell selection and raster snapping tools, perform simple raster editing and automatic vectorization, and interactively trace raster cells. Read the tutorial

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Data Interoperability In this tutorial, you will learn how to directly read and analyze the additional data formats supported by Data Interoperability; translate data between various formats using Quick Import and Quick Export tools; transform data schemas using Custom Import, Custom Export and Custom Formats; and incorporate all these functions into your geoprocessing models. Read the tutorial

Geostatistical Analyst In this tutorial you'll learn how to represent and explore data and determine data trends; perform diagnostic tests on data; choose and fit a model such as kriging, cokriging, IDW, and others; and compare the results of different models. Read the tutorial

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Maplex for ArcGIS In this tutorial you'll learn how to design and create publication-quality cartographic labels for maps using the Maplex for ArcGIS extension. Read the tutorial

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Network Analyst In this tutorial you'll learn how to create network datasets and use them to find routes; find closest features on a network; calculate service areas; as well as how to build a model for route analysis. Read the tutorial
Schematics Tutorial In this tutorial you will become familiar with the Schematics graphical user interface in ArcMap by learning how to create diagrams and use many of the toolbar tools to modify the diagrams. Read the tutorial

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Schematics Designer Tutorial I In this tutorial you will learn how to create and configure a Schematic Dataset that will use a Standard Builder diagram type to generate diagrams based on a geometric network. Read the tutorial
Schematics Designer Tutorial II In this tutorial you will learn how to create and configure a Schematic Dataset that will use a Custom Query Builder diagram type to generate diagrams based on tabular data from any database where connectivity between objects can be derived. Read the tutorial
Schematics Designer Tutorial III In this tutorial you will learn how to create and configure a Schematic Dataset that will use a XML Builder diagram type to generate diagrams from XML documents; these documents will be built according to the XMLBuilderDiagram XML Schema Definition file. Read the tutorial
Spatial Analyst In this tutorial you'll learn how to create, query, and analyze cell-based raster maps, derive new information from existing data, query information across multiple data layers, and fully integrate cell-based raster data with traditional vector data sources. Read the tutorial

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StreetMap In this tutorial you'll learn how to use the StreetMap Find Route dialog with the Data & Maps StreetMap USA dataset to find an address, geocode an address table, export map data, as well as to create simple or optimized routes with detailed driving directions. Read the tutorial

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Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor In this tutorial you will learn how to create, manage, and edit a cadastral fabric. Read the tutorial
Survey Analyst - Survey Editor In this tutorial you'll learn how to import and export survey data, organize and visualize survey data, use measurements and coordinates in computations, edit features based on survey data, and perform survey network analysis. Read the tutorial
Tracking Analyst In this tutorial you'll learn how to add, symbolize, display, and analyze temporal data in a powerful geographic information system environment. Read the tutorial

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C130

C 130

Background and requirements

The Korean War, which began in June 1950, showed that World War II-era transports—C-119 Flying Boxcars, C-47 Skytrains and C-46 Commandos—were inadequate for modern warfare. Thus on 2 February 1951, the United States Air Force issued a General Operating Requirement (GOR) for a new transport to Boeing, Douglas, Fairchild, Lockheed, Martin, Chase Aircraft, North American, Northrop, and Airlifts Inc. The new transport would have a capacity for 92 passengers, 72 combat troops or 64 paratroopers, a range of 1,100 nmi (1,300 mi; 2,000 km), takeoff capability from short and unprepared strips, and the ability to fly with one engine shut down.
Fairchild, North American, Martin and Northrop declined to participate. The remaining five companies tendered a total of ten designs: Lockheed two, Boeing one, Chase three, Douglas three, Airlifts Inc. one. The contest was a close affair between the lighter of the two Lockheed (preliminary project designation L-206) proposals and a four-turboprop Douglas design.

The two YC-130 prototypes; the blunt nose was replaced with radar on later production models.

The Lockheed design team was led by Willis Hawkins, starting with a 130 page proposal for the Lockheed L-206, and another two-turboprop and heavier one.^[2] Hall Hibbard, Lockheed vice president and chief engineer, saw the proposal and directed it to Kelly Johnson, who remarked when he saw the proposal, "If you sign that letter, you will destroy the Lockheed Company."^{[clarification needed]} Both Hibbard and Johnson signed the proposal and the company won the contract for the now-designated Model 82 on 2 July 1951.^[3]
The first flight of the YC-130 prototype was made on 23 August 1954 from the Lockheed plant in Burbank, California. The aircraft, serial number 53-3397, was the second prototype but the first of the two to fly. The YC-130 was piloted by Stanley Beltz and Roy Wimmer on its 61-minute flight to Edwards Air Force Base; Jack Real and Dick Stanton served as flight engineers. Kelly Johnson flew chase in a P2V Neptune.^[4]

[edit] Production

C-130H Hercules flight deck

After the two prototypes were completed, production began in Marietta, Georgia, where more than 2,300 C-130s have been built.^[5]
The initial production model, the C-130A, was powered by Allison T56-A-9 turboprops with three-blade propellers. Deliveries began in December 1956, continuing until the introduction of the C-130B model in 1959. Some A models were re-designated C-130D after being equipped with skis. The newer C-130B had ailerons with increased boost — 3,000 psi (21 MPa) versus 2,050 psi (14 MPa) — as well as uprated engines and four-bladed propellers that were standard until the J-model's introduction.

[edit] C-130A model

Mexican Air Force C-130A

The first production C-130s were designated as A-models, with deliveries to the 463d Troop Carrier Wing at Ardmore AFB, Oklahoma and the 314th Troop Carrier Wing at Sewart AFB, Tennessee. Six additional squadrons were assigned to the 322d Air Division in Europe and the 315th Air Division in the Far East. Additional airplanes were modified for electronics intelligence work and assigned to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany while modified RC-130As were assigned to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) photo-mapping division. Airplanes equipped with giant skis were designated as C-130Ds, but were essentially A-models except for the conversion. As the C-130A became operational with Tactical Air Command (TAC), the airplane's lack of range became apparent and additional fuel capacity was added in the form of external pylon-mounted tanks at the end of the wings. The A-model continued in service through the Vietnam War, where the airplanes assigned to the four squadrons at Naha AB, Okinawa and one at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan performed yeoman's service, including operating highly classified special operations missions such as the BLIND BAT FAC/Flare mission and FACT SHEET leaflet mission over Laos and North Vietnam. The A-model was also provided to the South Vietnamese Air Force as part of the Vietnamization program at the end of the war, and equipped three squadrons based at Tan Son Nhut AFB. Last operator in the world is the Honduran Air Force which is still flying one of five A model Hercs.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] C-130B model

The C-130B model was developed to complement the A-models that had previously been delivered,and incorporated new features, particularly increased fuel capacity in the form of auxiliary tanks built into the center wing section and an AC electrical system. Four-bladed Hamilton Standard propellers replaced the Aero Product three-bladed propellers that distinguished the earlier A-models. B-models replaced A-models in the 314th and 463rd Troop Carrier Wings. During the Vietnam War four squadrons assigned to the 463rd Troop Carrier/Tactical Airlift Wing based at Clark and Mactan Air Fields in the Philippines were used primarily for tactical airlift operations in South Vietnam. In the spring of 1969 463rd crews commenced COMMANDO VAULT bombing missions dropping M-121 10,000 lb (4,534 kg) bombs to clear "instant LZs" for helicopters. As the Vietnam War wound down, the 463rd B-models and A-models of the 374th Tactical Airlift Wing were transferred back to the United States where most were assigned to Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units. Another prominent role for the B-model was with the United States Marine Corps, where Hercules initially designated as GV-1s replaced C-119s. After Air Force C-130Ds proved the type's usefulness in Antarctica, the US Navy purchased a number of B-models equipped with skis that were designated as LC-130s. An electronic reconnaissance variant of the C-130B was designated C-130B-II. 13 aircraft were converted and operated under the SUN VALLEY program name. They were operated primarily from Yokota Air Base, Japan. All reverted to standard C-130B cargo aircraft after their replacement in the reconnaissance role by other aircraft. The C-130B-II was distinguished by its false external wing fuel tanks, which were disguised signals intelligence (SIGINT) receiver antennas. These pods were slightly larger than the standard wing tanks found on other C-130Bs. Most aircraft featured a swept blade antenna on the upper fuselage, as well as extra wire antennas between the vertical fin and upper fuselage not found on other C-130s. Radio call numbers on the tail of these aircraft were regularly changed so as to confuse observers and disguise their true mission.

[edit] C-130E model

The extended range C-130E model entered service in 1962 after it was developed as an interim long-range transport for the Military Air Transport Service. Essentially a B-model, the new designation was the result of the installation of 1,360 US gal (5,150 l) Sargent Fletcher external fuel tanks under each wings (mid-section) and more powerful Allison T-56-A-7A turboprops. The E model also featured structural improvements, avionics upgrades and a higher gross weight.

[edit] C-130F / KC-130F / C-130G models

The KC-130 tankers, originally C-130Fs procured for the US Marine Corps (USMC) in 1958 (under the designation GV-1) are equipped with a removable 3,600 US gal (13,626 l) stainless steel fuel tank carried inside the cargo compartment. The two wing-mounted hose and drogue aerial refueling pods each transfer up to 300 US gal per minute (19 l per second) to two aircraft simultaneously, allowing for rapid cycle times of multiple-receiver aircraft formations, (a typical tanker formation of four aircraft in less than 30 minutes). The US Navy's C-130G has increased structural strength allowing higher gross weight operation.

[edit] C-130H model

Japan Air Self-Defense Force C-130H

The C-130H model has updated Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, a redesigned outer wing, updated avionics and other minor improvements. Later H models had a new, fatigue-life-improved, center wing that was retro-fitted to many earlier H-models. The H model remains in widespread use with the US Air Force (USAF) and many foreign air forces. Initial deliveries began in 1964 (to the RNZAF), remaining in production until 1996. An improved C-130H was introduced in 1974.
The United States Coast Guard employs the HC-130H for long range search and rescue, drug interdiction, illegal migrant patrols, homeland security, and logistics.
From 1992 to 1996 the C-130H was described as a C-130H3 by the USAF. The 3 denoting the third variation in design for the H series. Improvements included a partial glass cockpit (ADI and HSI instruments), a more capable APN-241 color radar, night vision device compatible instrument lighting and an improved electrical system using Bus Switching Units to provide 'clean' power to the more sensitive upgraded components.

[edit] C-130K model

Royal Air Force C-130K (C.3)

The equivalent model for export to the UK is the C-130K, known by the Royal Air Force (RAF) as the Hercules C.1. The C-130H-30 (Hercules C.3 in RAF service) is a stretched version of the original Hercules, achieved by inserting a 100 in (2.54 m) plug aft of the cockpit and an 80 in (2.03 m) plug at the rear of the fuselage. A single C-130K was purchased by the Met Office for use by its Meteorological Research Flight, where it was classified as the Hercules W.2. This aircraft was heavily modified (with its most prominent feature being the long red and white striped atmospheric probe on the nose and the move of the weather radar into a pod above the forward fuselage). This aircraft, named Snoopy, was withdrawn in 2001 and was then modified by Marshall of Cambridge Aerospace as flight-test bed for A400M turbine, the TP400. The C-130K is used by the RAF Falcons for parachute drops. Three C-130K (Hercules C Mk.1P) were upgraded and sold to the Austrian Air Force in 2002.